Bulgaria (pronounced /bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ ( listen) bul-GAIR-ee-ə; Bulgarian: България, transliterated: Bălgaria, pronounced [bəlˈɡarija]), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, transliterated: Republika Bălgarija, [rɛˈpublika bəlˈɡarija]), is a country in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the River Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
With a territory of 110,994 square kilometers, Bulgaria ranks as the third-largest country in Southeast Europe (after Romania and Greece). Several mountainous areas define the landscape, most notably the Stara Planina (Balkan) and Rodopi mountain ranges, as well as the Rila range, which includes the highest peak in the Balkan region, Musala. In contrast, the Danubian plain in the north and the Upper Thracian Plain in the south represent Bulgaria's lowest and most fertile regions. The 378-kilometer Black Sea coastline covers the entire eastern bound of the country.
The emergence of a unified Bulgarian national identity and state dates back to the 7th century AD. All Bulgarian political entities that subsequently emerged preserved the traditions (in ethnic name, language and alphabet) of the First Bulgarian Empire (632/681 – 1018), which at times covered most of the Balkans and spread its alphabet, literature and culture among the Slavic and other peoples of Eastern Europe, eventually becoming the cultural center of the medieval Slavs.[5] Centuries later, with the decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185 – 1396/1422), Bulgarian territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 led to the re-establishment of a Bulgarian state as a constitutional monarchy in 1878, with the Treaty of San Stefano marking the birth of the Third Bulgarian State. In 1908, with social strife brewing at the core of the Ottoman Empire, the Alexander Malinov government and Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria formally proclaimed the full sovereignty of the Bulgarian state at the ancient capital of Veliko Turnovo.[6]
In 1945, after World War II, Bulgaria became a communist state and part of the Eastern Bloc. Todor Zhivkov dominated Bulgaria politically for 35 years, from 1954 to 1989. In 1990, after the Revolutions of 1989, the Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power and Bulgaria undertook a transition to democracy and free-market capitalism.
Bulgaria functions as a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic. A member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, it has a high Human Development Index of 0.840, ranking 61st in the world in 2009.[7] Freedom House in 2008 listed Bulgaria as "free", giving it scores of 1 (highest) for political rights and 2 for civil liberties.[8]
Санстефанският мирен договор е прелиминарен (предварителен) мирен договор между Русия и Османската империя, който слага край на Руско-турската война от 1877-1878 г. и урежда, макар и не окончателно, обособяване на Българска държава след близо пет века Османско робство в България.
Договорът е подписан около 17 ч. на 3 март (19 февруари стар стил[2]) 1878 г. в Сан Стефано (днес квартал Йешилкьой, част от предградието Бакъркьой, разположено на 10 км. от историческия център на Истанбул), от граф Николай Игнатиев и Александър Нелидов от руска страна и от външния министър Савфет Мехмед паша и посланика в Германия Садулах бей от страна на Османската империя.
Преговорите и решенията на Санстефанския договор изострят силно отношенията между Русия и останалите Велики сили. Споровете помежду им намират временно решение през юли 1878 г. с Берлинския договор, който преразглежда условията, договорени в Сан Стефано. Противоречията относно санстефанските клаузи са сред предпоставките за разпадането на Съюза на тримата императори седем години по-късно.
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